Python Strings Tutorial

Hello dear readers! Welcome back to another edition of our tutorial on Python. In this tutorial guide, we are going to be discussing about the Python String.

Python strings are one of the most popular data types available on Python. They can easily be created by enclosing characters in quotes. Python treats single quotes same way as it treats double quotes. Creating a string is as simple as assigning value to a variable.

Example

The following below is a simple example -

var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"

Accessing Values in Strings

Python does not support character type; these are treated as strings of length 1, thus also considered as substring.

To access substrings, you should make use of the square brackets for slicing, along with index or indices to obtain your substring.

Example

The following below is a simple example -

#!/usr/bin/python

var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"

print "var1[0]: ", var1[0]
print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5]

Output

Below is the output of the above example -

var1[0]:  H
var2[1:5]:  ytho

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Updating Strings in Python

You can update an existing Python string by re-assigning a variable to another string. The new value can be related to its previous value or to a completely different string altogether.

Example

The following below is a simple example -

#!/usr/bin/python

var1 = 'Hello World!'
print "Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python'

Output

Below is the output of the above example -

Updated String :-  Hello Python

Escape Characters

Following table is a list of escape characters that can be constituted with backslash notation in Python.

An escape character in Python gets interpreted in a single quoted as well as a double quoted strings.

Backslash notation	Hexadecimal character	Description
\a	0x07	Bell or alert
\b	0x08	Backspace
\cx		Control-x
\C-x		Control-x
\e	0x1b	Escape
\f	0x0c	Formfeed
\M-\C-x		Meta-Control-x
\n	0x0a	Newline
\nnn		Octal notation, where n is in the range 0.7
\r	0x0d	Carriage return
\s	0x20	Space
\t	0x09	Tab
\v	0x0b	Vertical tab
\x		Character x
\xnn		Hexadecimal notation, where n is in the range 0.9, a.f, or A.F

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String Special Operators

Assuming that string variable a holds 'Hello' and variable b holds 'Python', then -

Operator	Description	Example
+	Concatenation - Adds values on either side of the operator	a + b will give HelloPython
*	Repetition - Creates new strings, concatenating multiple copies of the same string	a*2 will give -HelloHello
[]	Slice - Gives the character from the given index	a[1] will give e
[ : ]	Range Slice - Gives the characters from the given range	a[1:4] will give ell
in	Membership - Returns true if a character exists in the given string	H in a will give 1
not in	Membership - Returns true if a character does not exist in the given string	M not in a will give 1
r/R	Raw String - Suppresses actual meaning of Escape characters. The syntax for raw strings is exactly the same as for normal strings with the exception of the raw string operator, the letter "r," which precedes the quotation marks. The "r" can be lowercase (r) or uppercase (R) and must be placed immediately preceding the first quote mark.	print r'\n' prints \n and print R'\n'prints \n
%	Format - Performs String formatting	See at next section

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String Formatting Operator

String format operator is among Python best feature. This operator is unique to strings and makes up for the pack of having functions from the C's printf() family.

Example

The following below is a simple example -

#!/usr/bin/python

print "My name is %s and weight is %d kg!" % ('Kennedy', 29)

Output

Below is the output of the above example -

My name is Kennedy and weight is 29 kg!

Below is the list of the complete set of symbols which can be used along with string format operator % -

Format Symbol	Conversion
%c	character
%s	string conversion via str() prior to formatting
%i	signed decimal integer
%d	signed decimal integer
%u	unsigned decimal integer
%o	octal integer
%x	hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters)
%X	hexadecimal integer (UPPERcase letters)
%e	exponential notation (with lowercase 'e')
%E	exponential notation (with UPPERcase 'E')
%f	floating point real number
%g	the shorter of %f and %e
%G	the shorter of %f and %E

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Other supported functionality, and symbols are listed in the following table below -

Symbol	Functionality
*	argument specifies width or precision
-	left justification
+	display the sign
<sp>	leave a blank space before a positive number
#	add the octal leading zero ( '0' ) or hexadecimal leading '0x' or '0X', depending on whether 'x' or 'X' were used.
0	pad from left with zeros (instead of spaces)
%	'%%' leaves you with a single literal '%'
(var)	mapping variable (dictionary arguments)
m.n.	m is the minimum total width and n is the number of digits to display after the decimal point (if appl.)

Triple Quotes

The Python's triple quotes comes to the rescue by allowing strings to span multiple lines, which includes verbatim NEWLINEs, TABs, and as well other special characters.

The Python triple quotes syntax is made up of three(3) consecutive single or double quotes.

#!/usr/bin/python

para_str = """this is a long string that is made up of
several lines and non-printable characters such as
TAB ( \t ) and they will show up that way when displayed.
NEWLINEs within the string, whether explicitly given like
this within the brackets [ \n ], or just a NEWLINE within
the variable assignment will also show up.
"""
print para_str

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Note - how all the single special characters has been converted to its printable form right down to the last NEWLINE at the end of the string between "up." and closing triple quotes. You also have to note that NEWLINEs occur either with an explicit carriage return at the end of a line or its escape code (\n) -

this is a long string that is made up of
several lines and non-printable characters such as
TAB (    ) and they will show up that way when displayed.
NEWLINEs within the string, whether explicitly given like
this within the brackets [
 ], or just a NEWLINE within
the variable assignment will also show up.

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Raw strings do not treat backslash as a special character. Every character which you put into a raw string stays exactly the same way you wrote it.

Example

Below is a very simple example -

#!/usr/bin/python

print 'C:\\nowhere'

Output

Below is the output of the above example -

C:\nowhere

Now let's use raw string. We would put expression in r'expression' as follows -

#!/usr/bin/python

print r'C:\\nowhere'

When the above code is executed, it produces the following output -

C:\\nowhere

Unicode String

Normally strings in Python are stored internally as an 8-bit ASCII, while Unicode strings are stored as a 16-bit Unicode. This allows a more varied set of characters, including special characters from most languages in the world.

Example

The following below is a very short example -

#!/usr/bin/python

print u'Hello, world!'

Output

Below is the output of the above example -

Hello, world!

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Built-in String Methods

Python includes the below built-in methods for the manipulation of strings -

Sr.No.	Methods with Description
1	capitalize() Capitalizes first letter of string
2	center(width, fillchar) Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width columns.
3	count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string)) Counts how many times str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given.
4	decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict') Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default string encoding.
5	encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict') Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.
6	endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string)) Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) ends with suffix; returns true if so and false otherwise.
7	expandtabs(tabsize=8) Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not provided.
8	find(str, beg=0 end=len(string)) Determine if str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given returns index if found and -1 otherwise.
9	index(str, beg=0, end=len(string)) Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found.
10	isalnum() Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise.
11	isalpha() Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and false otherwise.
12	isdigit() Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise.
13	islower() Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in lowercase and false otherwise.
14	isnumeric() Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and false otherwise.
15	isspace() Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise.
16	istitle() Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise.
17	isupper() Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in uppercase and false otherwise.
18	join(seq) Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a string, with separator string.
19	len(string) Returns the length of the string
20	ljust(width[, fillchar]) Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width columns.
21	lower() Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase.
22	lstrip() Removes all leading whitespace in string.
23	maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.
24	max(str) Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str.
25	min(str) Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str.
26	replace(old, new [, max]) Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new or at most max occurrences if max given.
27	rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) Same as find(), but search backwards in string.
28	rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string)) Same as index(), but search backwards in string.
29	rjust(width,[, fillchar]) Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of width columns.
30	rstrip() Removes all trailing whitespace of string.
31	split(str="", num=string.count(str)) Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of substrings; split into at most num substrings if given.
32	splitlines( num=string.count('\n')) Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs removed.
33	startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) starts with substring str; returns true if so and false otherwise.
34	strip([chars]) Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string.
35	swapcase() Inverts case for all letters in string.
36	title() Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase and the rest are lowercase.
37	translate(table, deletechars="") Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the del string.
38	upper() Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase.
39	zfill (width) Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero).
40	isdecimal() Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise.

In our subsequent tutorials, we are going to be discussing the above listed methods one after the other.

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Alright guys! This is where we are rounding up for this tutorial post. In our next tutorial, we are going to be discussing about the Python String capitalize() method.

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